United States Court of Appeals,

                                         Eleventh Circuit.

                                           No. 96-5278.

              INBESA AMERICA, INC., a Texas Corporation, Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                                 v.

   M/V ANGLIA, a 1977 313-foot general cargo ship, Lloyds Reg. No. 7601724, her engines,
tackle, cargo, appurtenances, etc., in rem, Defendant-Appellant.

                                           Feb. 2, 1998.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. (No. 95-7147-CV-
WJZ), William J. Zloch, Judge.

Before ANDERSON and BIRCH, Circuit Judges, and WOODS*, Senior District Judge.

       BIRCH, Circuit Judge:

       In this appeal, we determine whether a contract for various shipping-related services comes

within the federal admiralty jurisdiction. In granting summary judgment for appellee Inbesa

America, Inc. ("Inbesa"), the district court held that a contract between Inbesa and the charterer of

in rem appellant M/V Anglia was wholly maritime, thereby bringing all disputes arising under the

contract within the federal admiralty jurisdiction. The Anglia, however, contends that the contract

is not subject to admiralty jurisdiction because the contract covers a variety of non-maritime

services. We REVERSE and REMAND for further proceedings.

                                        I. BACKGROUND

       Inbesa operates a terminal shipping facility in the Port of Houston, Texas. As part of its

business, Inbesa provides shippers with both docking and cargo-handling services. Although



   *
     Honorable Henry Woods, Senior U.S. District Judge for the Eastern District of Arkansas,
sitting by designation.
Inbesa's own employees perform most of Inbesa's shoreside services, Inbesa subcontracts all

stevedoring to outside companies.

         In April 1994, Inbesa entered a "Stevedoring and Terminal Services Contract" ("the

contract") with Genesis Container Line ("Genesis"). Under the contract, Inbesa agreed to perform

a variety of services for Genesis's liner service, including cargo handling, dockage, and stevedoring.

Inbesa then subcontracted its stevedoring responsibilities to Gulf Stream Maritime, Inc. ("Gulf

Stream").

         In November 1994, the claimant/owner of the Anglia, Reederei MS Anglia GmBH & Co.

KG ("Reederei"), and Genesis entered into a time charter allowing Genesis to use the Anglia for its

liner service. Thereafter, the Anglia received terminal services from Inbesa from July through

November 1995 under the existing Inbesa-Genesis contract. Under the contract, Inbesa billed

Genesis for six itemized categories of services with regard to the Anglia: $ 6,708.56 for dockage;

$ 115,688 for stevedoring; $ 6,708.56 for unloading of break bulk (i.e., un-containerized) cargo

from trucks; $ 14,807.50 for stuffing and stripping of break bulk cargo into and out of containers;

$ 5,265.68 for securing cargo within containers; and $ 28,062.36 for moving cargo through Inbesa's

wharf.

         When Genesis failed to pay its bills, Inbesa filed a verified complaint in rem against the

Anglia to foreclose on purported maritime liens for its services. The Anglia, however, argued that

the district court lacked admiralty jurisdiction because the contract involved significant

non-maritime services.1 On the parties' cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court

awarded final judgment to Inbesa against the Anglia for $ 177,389.62 plus prejudgment interest.



   1
   To avoid arrest of the Anglia, Reederei stipulated with Inbesa to substitute security for
Inbesa's asserted lien.
The Anglia now appeals.

                                         II. DISCUSSION

        Before assessing the validity of Inbesa's asserted lien, we must first establish whether we

have admiralty jurisdiction over the contract from which the lien is purported to arise. See, e.g.,

Ambassador Factors v. RMS, 

, 1398-99 (11th Cir.1997). In order for a contract to fall

within the federal admiralty jurisdiction, it must be wholly maritime in nature, or its non-maritime

elements must be either insignificant or separable without prejudice to either party. See E.S.

Binnings, Inc. v. M/V Saudi Riyadh, 

, 665 (11th Cir.1987); 14 Charles Alan Wright,

Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 3675 (Suppl.1997) (collecting cases). To

qualify as maritime, moreover, the elements of a contract must "pertain directly to and be necessary

for commerce or navigation upon navigable waters.... The test we apply in deciding whether the

subject matter of a contract is necessary to the operation, navigation, or management of a ship is a

test of reasonableness, not of absolute necessity." Ambassador 

(quoting

Nehring v. Steamship M/V Point Vail, 

, 1048 (11th Cir.1990) (internal quotation

omitted)).2 Applying this standard, the Anglia argues that a significant portion of the services

provided by Inbesa under the contract were non-"necessary," while Inbesa maintains that its contract

services were wholly maritime. We review the district court's jurisdictional analysis de novo. See


   2
    In this sense, the federal admiralty jurisdiction is coterminous with the right of providers of
maritime services to maritime liens. See Bradford Marine, Inc. v. M/V Sea Falcon, 

,
589 (11th Cir.1995) ("The lien and the proceeding in rem are ... correlative—where one exists,
the other can be taken, and not otherwise." (quoting The Rock Island Bridge, 73 U.S. (6 Wall.)
213, 215, 

(1867))). Under the Maritime and Commercial Instruments and Liens
Act, "a person providing necessaries to a vessel on the order of the owner or a person authorized
by the owner ... (1) has a maritime lien on the vessel; [and] (2) may bring a civil action in rem to
enforce the lien...." 46 U.S.C. § 31342(a)(1) & (2) (emphasis added). The statutory definition of
"necessaries," however, is non-exclusive and, therefore, not helpful in this particular case. See
46 U.S.C. § 31301(4) (" "necessaries' includes repairs, supplies, towage, and the use of a dry
dock or marine railway"); Bradford 

(statutory definition non-exclusive).
Sea Vessel, Inc. v. Reyes, 

, 347 (11th Cir.1994).

        As stated previously, Inbesa asserts a maritime lien on the Anglia for six itemized categories

of services: (1) dockage, (2) stevedoring, (3) unloading, (4) stuffing and stripping, (5) securing, and

(6) wharfage. Of these claimed services, two, dockage and stevedoring, are clearly maritime. See

Steven F. Friedell, 1 Benedict on Admiralty § 213, at 14-21 (7th ed. 1997) ("During the furnishing,

supplying, loading, unloading and repairing of a vessel, it is necessary that she should lie at wharf,

dock or pier.... The pecuniary charge to which vessels are liable for such use of a dock or wharf is

called ... dockage and is a subject of admiralty jurisdiction ...." (footnotes omitted)) (collecting

cases); 

at 14-25 ("To enable the vessel safely to transport her cargo, it is of the first

importance that the cargo be well stowed.... The business of stowing ships and of breaking out cargo

at the port of delivery has fallen into the hands of ... stevedores. Their services are maritime."

(internal footnote omitted)) (collecting cases).

        The remaining categories of services provided by Inbesa under the contract, however, are

non-maritime cargo-handling. Despite Inbesa's protestations, "it has long been the rule that contracts

involving cargo are maritime only to the extent the cargo is on a ship or being loaded on or off a

ship." Luvi Trucking, Inc. v. Sea-Land Serv., Inc., 

, 373 (1st Cir.1981) (citing The

Moses Taylor, 71 U.S. (4 Wall.) 411, 

(1866)).3 Inbesa's stripping, stuffing, securing,


   3
    Inbesa's citations to Pittston Stevedoring Corp. v. Dellaventura, 

, 53 (2d
Cir.1976), aff'd Northeast Marine Terminal Co., Inc. v. Caputo, 

, 

, 

(1977), are inapposite. In Pittston, the Second Circuit "liberally" interpreted the
"remedial" Longshoreman and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act, 33 U.S.C. §§ 901 et seq., to
cover longshoremen handling cargo along a pier, thereby providing parity between
longshoremen off-loading cargo containers and longshoremen stripping such containers. See 

In contrast, Inbesa seeks in the instant case to assert a lien under the Maritime and
Commercial Instruments and Liens Act, 46 U.S.C. § 31342. Maritime liens are "governed by the
principle "stricti juris and will not be extended by construction, analogy or inference.' "
Bradford 

(quoting Piedmont & George's Creek Coal Co. v. Seaboard
Fisheries Co., 

, 12, 

, 4, 

(1920)).
and unloading of cargo into and out of containers and trucks was not directly related to the loading

or unloading of a maritime vessel. Cf. Bermuda Express, N.V. v. M/V Litsa, 

, 563-64

(3rd Cir.1989) (movement of cargo chassis along pier "not directly related to loading or unloading

the vessel"); South Carolina State Ports Auth. v. M/V Tyson Lykes, 

, 1365

(D.S.C.1993), aff'd, 

(4th Cir.1995) (cargo container services not maritime); Green Light

Transp., Inc. v. Ocean Express Lines, Inc., No. 93-1686-CIV, (S.D.Fla.1994) (positioning truck

under stevedore's crane not maritime). But see Ceres Marine Terminals, Inc. v. M/V Harmen

Oldendorff, 

, 927 (D.Md.1995) (holding container stuffing and stripping to be

maritime).4 Although such services by Inbesa were no doubt important for Genesis's business, they

were not "necessary" for the Anglia 's operation. Indeed, all of Inbesa's cargo-handling services took

place on land without regard to whether the Anglia was in port; Inbesa could have unloaded, stuffed,

and secured cargo from trucks into containers before the Anglia arrived, and then stripped cargo

from containers into warehouses or onto trucks after the Anglia departed. Although we recognize

that circumstances may sometimes arise in which movement of cargo a short distance away from

a ship may be necessary to make room for additional off-loading, Inbesa has made no such claim

of stevedoring necessity in this case. The fact that it was convenient, as a logistical matter, for

Genesis to have Inbesa fill and empty its cargo containers at Inbesa's port facilities is not enough to

make Inbesa's shoreside, cargo-handling services maritime. Cf. Luvi 

("Whether a contract action falls within admiralty jurisdiction depends upon the subject matter of



   4
    In addition to finding Ceres unpersuasive, we are uncertain whether the case remains good
law within the Fourth Circuit. After the district court in Ceres issued its opinion, the Fourth
Circuit affirmed Tyson Lykes, which had found shoreside, cargo container services to be
non-maritime. See Tyson 

, aff'd, 

. The Fourth Circuit,
however, did not discuss the Tyson Lykes district court's conclusion that such services were not
maritime.
the contract rather than the place where the contract ... is to be performed"). We see no reason to

blur the line between stevedoring and shoreside cargo-handling that has long been a useful guide

for the district courts in determining the scope of their admiralty jurisdiction.

         For similar reasons, Inbesa's "wharfage" services, as idiosyncratically defined by the

contract, are also non-maritime. Normally, the term "wharfage" is used synonymously with

"dockage." See 1 Benedict § 213, at 14-21. As such, "wharfage" is a maritime service. See 

fees, however, reflect charges for the movement of Genesis's cargo through

Inbesa's wharf, not dockage. See R2-33 at 16 (Geiger Depo.) ("Wharfage is a charge assessed on

every ton of cargo that goes through a wharf."). In fact, Inbesa not only charged Genesis separately

for "dockage," as the district court noted below, see R3-96 at 5-6, but also listed "wharfage" under

the contract's heading for terminal cargo-handling services, see R2-33 Exh. 1 at 2. Inbesa cannot

bring shoreside cargo-handling services within the admiralty jurisdiction simply by re-labelling them

as "wharfage."

       In sum, we conclude that a significant portion of Inbesa's obligations under the contract are

non-maritime. Even so, it may be possible for a federal court to exercise admiralty jurisdiction over

the maritime dockage and stevedoring parts of the contract if they are separable without prejudice

to either party. See 

. Unfortunately, neither Inbesa nor the Anglia has

addressed the separability or prejudice issues in their briefs before this court, and the district court

did not have reason, given its ruling that the contract was wholly maritime, to examine such issues

in its order granting summary judgment. Although the itemized nature of Inbesa's invoices and

claims suggests to us that the maritime and non-maritime elements of the contract may be separable,

we believe that the prudent course is to remand the case to the district court so that it may examine
the separability and prejudice issues as a court of the first instance.5 On remand, the district court

should determine, first, whether Inbesa's maritime claims under the contract are capable of separate

adjudication and, second, whether separate adjudication of Inbesa's claims concerning dockage and

stevedoring would be prejudicial to Inbesa's or the Anglia 's claims or defenses regarding the

non-maritime contract services.

                                         III. CONCLUSION

       A significant portion of the contract at issue concerns non-maritime shoreside services.

Therefore, we conclude that the district court erred in exercising admiralty jurisdiction over Inbesa's

claim for a lien against the Anglia to cover all of Inbesa's contract services to the vessel.

Accordingly, we REVERSE and REMAND the case to the district court for a determination of

whether the remaining contract services are separable without prejudice as required for the district

court to exercise admiralty jurisdiction. Should the district court conclude that admiralty jurisdiction

does lie with regard to Inbesa's claims for maritime dockage and stevedoring services, it may

proceed to determine whether summary judgment is again appropriate.




   5
   As we are remanding the case to the district court, we decline to reach at this time the
additional issues raised by the parties.